Bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts as asymmetric phase transfer catalysts

ABSTRACT

The invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis. The present invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis. On certain substrates and under specific reaction conditions, the inventors have discovered that the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfer catalysis surprisingly provides for a more active and efficient process as compared to mono-quarternary catalysts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cinchona alkaloid salts are known phase transfer catalysts useful in theasymmetric formation of carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom orcarbon-halide bonds. See Takashi Ooi and Keiji Maruoka, Recent Advancesin Asymmetric Phase-Transfer Catalysis, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46,4222-4266 (“Maruoka”). Maruoka reviews the various reactions in whichphase-transfer catalysis is useful, including enantioselectivealkylation, Michael addition, aldol and related reactions and Darzensreaction. Maruoka at page 4223 discusses the advantages of such phasetransfer catalysis processes as involving “simple experimentalprocedures, mild reaction conditions, inexpensive and environmentallybenign reagents and solvents and the possibility of conductinglarge-scale preparations.” Thus, asymmetric phase transfer catalysisremains an important area for organic chemistry research.

The present invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts inasymmetric phase transfer catalysis. On certain substrates and underspecific reaction conditions, the inventors have discovered that the useof bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts in asymmetric phase transfercatalysis surprisingly provides for a more active and efficient processas compared to mono-quarternary catalysts, providing high efficiencyrates and asymmetric products in high enantiomeric excess.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is directed to novel bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloidsalts and the use of bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts inasymmetric phase transfer catalysis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salts havingthe chemical structure of Formula I:

wherein:R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl,R² is selected from hydrogen and methoxy,R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the grout, consisting ofC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,—C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl,C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and the aryland heteroaryl portions of —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl areoptionally substituted with one to five substituents independentlyselected from R⁶,R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(O)R, C(O)OR,CONRR′, and C₁₋₆alkyl,R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, CO₂R, CONRR′, SR, SO₂R, SO₃R, PR₂,PO(OR)₂, PO(OR)(NRR′), PO(NRR′)₂, P(OR)₂, P(OR)(NRR′), P(NRR′)₂,SiRR′R″, B(OR)₂, C(O)R, NRR′, NO₂, and halogen,each R, R′ and R″ is independently selected from the group consistingof, H, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₆alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, —CH₂-aryl,—CH₂-heteroaryl, andeach X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO₄,SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO₃,sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate andperchlorate,for use as phase transfer catalysts in the stereoselective formation ofa carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom or carbon-halide bond on a substratein a biphasic medium comprising an aqueous phase and organic phase or amicelle medium.

Unless depicted or specified otherwise, the cinchona alkaloid salts ofFormula I encompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine,cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.

In an embodiment, the invention encompasses the bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts of Formula I for use as phase transfer catalysts in oneof the following asymmetric reactions: (1) alkylation with anelectrophilic alkylating agent, (2) Michael addition with an electrondeficient olefin, (3) aldol reaction with an aldehyde, (4) Mannichreaction with a α-imino ester, (5) Darzens reaction with an aldehyde,(6) Neber rearrangement of an oxime into an α-aminoketone, (7)epoxidation of an electron deficient olefin, (8) aziridination of anelectron deficient olefin, (9) dihydroxylation of an electron deficientolefins, (10) fluorination of a carbonyl substrate, and (11)sulfenylation of a β-keto sulfoxide. The aforementioned reactions arewell know in the art and described by Maruoka.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a process forstereoselectively producing a compound of Formula A

wherein:Q forms a fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclicring, each optionally substituted with 1 to 4 R^(C) groups,each R^(A) and each R^(B) are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,amino or an organic substituent group, and one R^(A) and one R^(B) maybe joined together to form a mono-, bi- or tricyclic carbocyclic orheterocyclic ring system, optionally substituted with 1 to 4 R^(C)groups,R^(C) is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituentgroup,PG is a nitrogen protecting group and* represents an asymmetric center,comprising initiating a reaction of a compound of Formula B

with a compound of Formula C

wherein W is a functional group that has leaving ability, in awater-immiscible organic phase in the presence of a bis-quarternarycinchona alkaloid salt and a base in an aqueous phase to form a biphasicmedium comprising the aqueous phase and water-immiscible organic phase,wherein the bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salt has the chemicalstructure of Formula I:

wherein:R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl,R² is selected from hydrogen and methoxy,R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the group consisting ofC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl,—C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl, wherein C₁₋₆alkyl,C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl and the aryland heteroaryl portions of —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl areoptionally substituted with one to five substituents independentlyselected from R⁶,R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C(O)R, C(O)OR,CONRR′, and C₁₋₆alkyl,R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl,aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, CO₂R, CONRR′, SR, SO₂R, SO₃R, PR₂,PO(OR)₂, PO(OR)(NRR′), PO(NRR′)₂, P(OR)₂, P(OR)(NRR′), P(NRR′)₂,SiRR′R″, B(OR)₂, C(O)R, NRR′, NO₂, and halogen,each R, R′ and R″ is independently selected from the group consistingof, H, C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxy and C₁₋₄alkoxy, andeach X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO₄,SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO₃,sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate andperchlorate,

Within this embodiment, the invention encompasses the aforementionedprocess wherein in Formula A each R^(A) and each R^(B) are independentlyselected from the group consisting of:

(i) hydrogen,

(ii) halogen,

(iii) OR⁷,

(iv) N(R⁷)₂,

(v) CN,

(vi) C₁₋₈alkyl or C₂₋₈alkenyl, either of which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;and

(vii) C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylC₁₋₄alkyl, Het, HetC₁₋₄alkyl, ARYor ARY-C₁₋₄alkyl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;where “ARY” refers to phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, either ofwhich phenyl or heteroaryl is optionally fused to a 5- or 6-memberedcarbocycle or heterocycle, and “Het” refers to a nonaromatic mono- orbicyclic heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms;

and one of R^(A) and R^(B) together may complete a mono- or bicycliccarbocyclic or heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms whichoptionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected fromhalogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸, SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷,CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;

R⁷ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁷ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino;

or two R⁷ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete aheterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogenatoms or with OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁸ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino;

or two R⁸ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete aheterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process wherein in Formula A R^(C) is selected from thegroup consisting of:

(i) hydrogen,

(ii) halogen,

(iii) OR⁷,

(iv) N(R⁷)₂,

(v) CN,

(vi) C₁₋₈alkyl or C₂₋₈alkenyl, either of which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;and

(vii) C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylC₁₋₄alkyl, Het, HetC₁₋₄alkyl, ARYor ARY-C₁₋₄alkyl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;where “ARY” refers to phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, either ofwhich phenyl or heteroaryl is optionally fused to a 5- or 6-memberedcarbocycle or heterocycle, and “Het” refers to a nonaromatic mono- orbicyclic heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms;

R⁷ is H or C₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3halogen atoms or with OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁷ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino;

or two R⁷ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete aheterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; andR⁸ is C₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogenatoms or with OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁸ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino;

or two R⁸ groups attached to the same nitrogen atom may complete aheterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃,C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process wherein in Formula A PG is selected from thegroup consisting of: C₁₋₆ alkyl, vinyl, C(O)—O-L, C(O)-L, aryl,hetroaryl, benzyl, benzhydryl, trityl and C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl, whereinaryl, heteroaryl, benzyl, benzyhydryl and trityl optionally aresubstituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from methoxyand nitro, C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl is optionally substituted withtrimethylsilyl and L is C₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or benzyl.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process wherein in Formula A W is selected from the groupconsisting of: halogen and sulfonate.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process wherein the water-immiscible organic phase isselected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylenes,chlorobenzene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methylether, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, hexanes, heptanes, cyclohexane,dichloromethane and dichloroethane.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process the base is selected from the group consistingof: sodium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodiumcarbonate, lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium hydroxide,cesium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, cesium hydrogen carbonate,lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride,lithium tert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide,sodium phosphate, lithium phosphate and potassium phosphate.

Also within this embodiment, the invention encompasses theaforementioned process wherein the water-immiscible organic phase istoluene and the base is sodium hydroxide.

The invention also encompasses the bis-quartet nary cinchona alkaloidsalts of Formula I for use as a phase transfer catalyst in one of thefollowing reactions:

(1) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at position b of asubstrate having the following formula

wherein:

G is N or CH,

R^(i), R^(ii) and R^(iii) are independently H, halogen or an organicsubstituent groupR^(iv) is selected from —OR^(v), SR^(vi) and NR^(vii)R^(viii), whereinR^(v) and R^(vi) are independently 14 or an organic substituent group,R^(vii) and R^(viii) are independently H or an organic substituent groupor R^(vii) and R^(viii) may be joined together with the nitrogen towhich they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring,andwhen G is N, R^(ii) and R^(iii) may be joined together with the atoms towhich they are attached to form a 5- or 6-membered mono- or 9- or10-membered bi-cyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms inaddition to the nitrogen, said ring optionally substituted with 1 to 5substituents independently selected from: halogen, hydroxy, amino or anorganic substituent group;

(2) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at position b of asubstrate having the following formula

wherein n is 0 or 1, ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ringoptionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or anorganic substituent group and R^(ix) is H or an organic substituentgroup,

(3) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at position b of asubstrate having the following formula

wherein n is 0 or 1, ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ringoptionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or anorganic substituent group and Rx is selected from —OR^(xi), SR^(xii) andNR^(xiii)R^(xiv), wherein R^(xi) and R^(xii) are independently H or anorganic substituent group and R^(xiii) and R^(xiv) are independently Hor an organic substituent group or R^(xiii) and R^(xiv) may be joinedtogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- or6-membered heterocyclic ring;

(4) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond position b of asubstrate having the following formula

wherein each EWG is independently an electron withdrawing group;comprising reacting the substrate with electrophilic alkylating agent,an electron deficient olefin or an aldehyde in the presence ofbis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid salt and a base in a biphasic mediumcomprising an aqueous phase and organic phase to form the carbon-carbonbond.

The invention also encompasses bis-quarternary cinchona alkaloid saltshaving the chemical structure of Formula II:

wherein:R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl,R² is selected from hydrogen and methoxy,Ar¹ is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl groups areoptionally substituted with one to five substituents independentlyselected from R³,Ar² is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl groups areoptionally substituted with one to five substituents independentlyselected from R³,each R³ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, C₁₋₄acyl, N(R⁴)₂,NO₂, halogen, O-Phenyl and (C═O)OC₁₋₄alkyl,each R⁴ is independently H or C₁₋₄alkyl, andeach X and Y are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO₄,SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO₃,sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate andperchlorate.

Unless depicted or specified otherwise, the cinchona alkaloid salts ofFormula II encompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine,cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.

An embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts of Formula II wherein Ar¹ is phenyl which is optionallysubstituted with one to five substituents independently selected fromR³, and Ar² is phenyl which is optionally substituted with one to fivesubstituents independently selected from R³.

An embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts of Formula IIa

and otherwise as defined above.

An embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts of Formula IIa wherein R¹ is vinyl and R² is methoxy.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses bis-quarternary cinchonaalkaloid salts of Formula IIa wherein R³ is selected from halogen andmethoxy.

Another embodiment of the invention encompasses a bis-quarternarycinchona alkaloid salt selected from:

R² R³ R⁴ X⁻ Y⁻ OMe

Br Br H

Br Br H

I I H

Br I H

Br Br H Me

Br I H

Br Br H

allyl Br Br

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of vinyl and ethyl;R³ is selected from the following groups:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of vinyl and ethyl;R³ is selected from the following groups:

wherein R is selected from the group consisting of vinyl and ethyl;R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from the following groups:

As used herein, the term “alkyl” refers to a monovalent straight orbranched chain, saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a numberof carbon atoms in the specified range. Thus, for example, “C₁₋₆ alkyl”(or “C₁-C₆ alkyl”) refers to any of the hexyl alkyl and pentyl alkylisomers as well as n-, iso-, sec- and t-butyl, n- and iso-propyl, ethyland methyl. As another example, “C₁₋₄ alkyl” refers to n-, iso-, sec-and t-butyl, n- and isopropyl, ethyl and methyl. As another example,“C₁₋₃ alkyl” refers to n-propyl, isopropyl, ethyl and methyl.

The term “haloalkyl” means an alkyl radical as defined above, unlessotherwise specified, that is substituted with one to five, preferablyone to three halogen. Representative examples include, but are notlimited to trifluoromethyl, dichloroethyl, and the like.

The term acyl, means C(O)-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.

The term “alkoxy” means —O-alkyl where alkyl is as defined above.

The term “alkenyl” refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain,saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a number of carbon atomsin the specified range and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, andotherwise carbon-carbon single bonds. Alkenyl includes for exampleethenyl, 1-methylethynyl, 2-propenenyl, 2-butenyl, 1,4-pentadienyl andthe like.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a monovalent straight or branched chain,saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical having a number of carbon atomsin the specified range and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, andotherwise carbon-carbon double or single bonds. Alkynyl includes forexample 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 3-hexen-5-ynyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to any monocyclic ring of an alkane havinga number of carbon atoms in the specified range. Thus, for example,“C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl” (or “C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl”) refers to cyclopropyl,cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl, and “C₃₋₅ cycloalkyl” refers tocyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and cyclopentyl.

The term “halogen” (or “halo”) refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine andiodine (alternatively referred to as fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo).

The term “aryl” refers to phenyl, naphthyl, and anthranyl.

The term “heteroaryl” refers to (i) a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromaticring containing from 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, Oand S, or (ii) is a heterobicyclic ring selected from quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl, and quinoxalinyl. Suitable 5- and 6-memberedheteroaromatic rings include, for example, pyridyl (also referred to aspyridinyl), pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl,thienyl, furanyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxazolyl,isooxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, andthiadiazolyl. Heteroaryls of particular interest are pyrrolyl,imidazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl (or quinolyl), isoquinolinyl(or isoquinolyl), and quinoxalinyl.

Examples of 4- to 7-membered, saturated heterocyclic rings within thescope of this invention include, for example, azetidinyl, piperidinyl,morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl,oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperazinyl,tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrazolidinyl,hexahydropyrimidinyl, thiazinanyl, thiazepanyl, azepanyl, diazepanyl,tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, and dioxanyl. Examples of 4-to 7-membered, unsaturated heterocyclic rings within the scope of thisinvention (see HetB) include mono-unsaturated heterocyclic ringscorresponding to the saturated heterocyclic rings listed in thepreceding sentence in which a single bond is replaced with a double bond(e.g., a carbon-carbon single bond is replaced with a carbon-carbondouble bond).

It is understood that the specific rings listed above are not alimitation on the rings which can be used in the present invention.These rings are merely representative.

Unless expressly stated to the contrary in a particular context, any ofthe various cyclic rings and ring systems described herein may beattached to the rest of the compound at any ring atom (i.e., any carbonatom or any heteroatom) provided that a stable compound results.

Unless expressly stated to the contrary, all ranges cited herein areinclusive. For example, a heteroaromatic ring described as containingfrom “1 to 4 heteroatoms” means the ring can contain 1, 2, 3 or 4heteroatoms. It is also understood that any range cited herein includeswithin its scope all of the sub-ranges within that range. Thus, forexample, a heterocyclic ring described as containing from “1 to 4heteroatoms” is intended to include as aspects thereof, heterocyclicrings containing 2 to 4 heteroatoms, 3 or 4 heteroatoms, 1 to 3heteroatoms, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, 1 or 2 heteroatoms, 1 heteroatom, 2heteroatoms, 3 heteroatoms, and 4 heteroatoms. As another example, anaryl or heteroaryl described as optionally substituted with “from 1 to 4substituents” is intended to include as aspects thereof, an aryl orheteroaryl substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, 2 to 4 substituents, 3to 4 substituents, 4 substituents, 1 to 3 substituents, 2 to 3substituents, 3 substituents, 1 to 2 substituents, 2 substituents, and 1substituent.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or inFormula I, II, IIa, A, B or C, or in any other formula depicting anddescribing compounds of the present invention, its definition on eachoccurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible onlyif such combinations result in stable compounds.

Unless expressly stated to the contrary, substitution by a namedsubstituent is permitted on any atom in a ring (e.g., cycloalkyl, aryl,or heteroaryl) provided such ring substitution is chemically allowed andresults in a stable compound.

The compounds of the invention contain chiral centers and, as a resultof the selection of substituents and substituent patterns, can containadditional chiral centers, and thus can occur as mixtures ofstereoisomers, or as individual diastereomers, or enantiomers. Allisomeric forms of these compounds, whether individually or in mixtures,are within the scope of the present invention. Unless depicted orspecified otherwise, the cinchona alkaloid salts of the inventionencompass all stereoisomers, including cinchonine, cinchonidine,quinine, quinidine, dihydroquinidine, and dihydroquinine.

To the extent substituents and substituent patterns provide for theexistence of tautomers (e.g., keto-enol tautomers) in the compounds ofthe invention, all tautomeric forms of these compounds, whether presentindividually or in mixtures, are within the scope of the presentinvention. Compounds of the present invention having a hydroxysubstituent on a carbon atom of a heteroaromatic ring are understood toinclude compounds in which only the hydroxy is present, compounds inwhich only the tautomeric keto form (i.e., an oxo substitutent) ispresent, and compounds in which the keto and enol forms are bothpresent.

The term “organic substituent group” means any substituent groupcontaining a carbon atom, which may be optionally substituted. Organicsubstituent groups include, but are not limited to, C₁₋₁₀alkyl,C₂₋₁₀alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, non- or partially aromaticheterocycles, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₁₋₁₀alkoxy, C₁₋₁₀alkylthio, andC₁₋₁₀acyl, each optionally substituted with, for example, one or more ofthe following: halide, hydroxy, nitrogen containing substituents such asamino, sulfur containing substituent such as sulfates, C₁₋₄alkoxy andC₁₋₄alkylthio.

The term “nitrogen protecting group” means a substituent that protects anitrogen atom in a reaction from a reagent or chemical environment.Nitrogen protecting groups are well known in the art and include forexample, t-butyl, vinyl, phenyl, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, benzhydryl, trityl, trialkylsilyl, methoxymethylether, (2,2,2-trichloroethoxy)methyl and2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methyl, Boc, Cbz.

The term “functional group that has leaving ability” means an atom oratom group that leaves from a substrate in a substitution or eliminationreaction, that is a leaving group, and includes for example halogen andsulfonate.

The term electrophilic alkylating agent” means an agent that deliversthe equivalent of an alkyl cation, such as for example an alkyl halide.

The term “electron deficient olefin” means an electrophilic alkenesubstituted with for example, a ketone, such as an α,β-unsaturatedcarbonyl, a nitrile or a nitro group.

The term “sulfonate” means an anion or leaving group having the formulaR^(#)—SO₃— which is the conjugate base of sulfonic acid. R^(#) includesfor example C₁₋₄alkyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen, andaryl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen or methyl or nitro.Examples include mesylate, triflate, tosylate and besylate.

The term “electron withdrawing group” is well known in the art areincludes for example, cyano, nitro, —C(O)OR^(xvii), —C(O)SR^(xviii) and—C(O)NR^(xvix)R^(xx), wherein R^(xvii) and R^(xviii) are independently Hor an organic substituent group and R^(xvix) and R^(xx) areindependently H or an organic substituent group or R^(xvix) and R^(xx)may be joined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached toform a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring;

ABBREVIATIONS

The following abbreviations are used throughout the specification.

-   DCM=dichloromethane-   DCPP=1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane-   DHP=3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-   DMF=dimethylformamide-   DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide-   HCl=hydrochloric acid-   IPA=isopropyl alcohol-   LCAP=liquid chromatography area percent-   MTBE=methyl tert-butyl ether-   NMP=N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone-   PTC=phase transfer catalyst-   RT=room temperature-   SFC=supercritical fluid chromatography-   THF=tetrahydrofuran

Example 1

(2-Bromo-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methanol (1)

To a solution of 2,3-dibromo-5-chloropyridine (60 g, 221 mmol) in THF(500 mL) was added a solution of isopropylmagnesium chloride lithiumchloride solution in THF (1.3M, 185 mL) at −40° C. over about 30 min.The solution was stirred for 30 min at −40° C. and DMF (50 mL) wasadded. The resulting solution was warmed up to room temperature andstirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with 1 N HCl (400 mL) andMTBE (200 mL) was added. Organic layer was separated and washed twicewith 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The solvent was removed under vacuum at50° C. The resulting solids (aldehyde intermediate) were dissolved inmethanol (400 mL). The solution was cooled to 5° C. under an ice bath.NaBH₄ (3.6 g) was added slowly over 30 min while maintaining thereaction temperature below room temperature. The reaction mixture wasstirred for another 30 min followed by addition of water (125 mL). Theresulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum to approximately 150 ml.Solids precipitated during the concentration. The suspension was stirredvigorously at room temperature for 1 h and solids were collected byfiltration. The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven over night at 60° C.to give 1 (45.6 g, 93%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.26 (d,J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.73 (d, J=5.8 Hz, 2H), 2.33 (t,J=11.4 Hz, 1H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 147.12, 138.48, 138.39,136.14, 132.06, 62.76.

5-Chloro-3-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)picolinaldehyde (2)

To a solution of 1 (5.0 g, 22.5 mmol) in 2-MeTHF (15 mL) was added3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (2.7 mL, 29.6 mmol) and concentrated sulfuric acid(125 mg) at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 10 min andwas then cooled to −3° C. Isopropylmagnesium chloride lithium chloridesolution (1.3 M, 30 ml, 39 mmol) was slowly added at −3 to 3° C. Theresulting solution was stirred at −3° C. for 3 h until a HPLC showed theconversion was greater than 97%. DMF (5 ml) was added over 15 min below5° C. The resulting solution was stirred for another 1 h at thistemperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition of MTBE (50mL), 15% aqueous citric acid (25 mL) and water (15 mL). The organiclayer was separated and washed with 5% aqueous NaCl (50 mL) twice. Theorganic solution was concentrated under vacuum at 50° C. to give 2 as anoil (6.2 g, 68 wt %, 16.6 mmol, 74% yield). The crude product was useddirectly for the next step without further purification. The pure samplewas isolated by flash chromatography on silica gel with 5% ethyl acetatein hexane as eluants. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 10.13 (s, 1H), 8.65 (s,1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 5.25 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J=16.6 Hz, 1H),4.80 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 1.7 (m, 6H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃,100 MHz): δ 194.20, 147.06, 146.32, 138.98, 136.41, 134.87, 99.04,64.42, 62.72, 30.53, 25.30, 19.66.

(E)-1-(tert-Butyl)-3-((5-chloro-3-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)methylene)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one(4)

To a solution of crude 2 (6.2 g, 68 wt %, 16.6 mmol) and 3 (3.46 g, 18.3mmol) in isopropanol (40 mL) was added DBU (0.12 g, 0.83 mmol) at −2° C.After stirring at −2° C. for 2 h, the solution was warmed up to 10° C.and stirred at this temperature for 3 h. The yellow solids precipitatedfrom the solution. The suspension was stirred over night while the batchwas allowed to warm up to room temperature slowly. The suspension wasfinally warm up to 50° C. and stirred for 4 h at this temperature. Aftercooling to 30° C., water (35 ml) was added dropwise over 30 min from anadditional funnel. The suspension was cooled to room temperature andfiltered. The cake was washed with a mixture of isopropanol (3 mL) andwater (3 mL). The precipitates were collected and dried in a vacuum ovenover night at 50° C. to give 4 (6.2 g, 87%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃,400 MHz): δ 8.72 (dd, J=7.5, 1.8 Hz), 8.66 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (dd,J=5.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.78 (s, 1H, 1H), 6.89 (dd,J=7.5, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 4.80 (m, 1H), 4.70 (d,J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (m, 114), 3.60 (m, 1H), 1.83 (s, 9H), 2.0-1.5 (m,6H). The conformation of the double bond as trans isomer was confirmedby NOE experiment. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 168.75, 159.64, 148.99,147.85, 146.65, 137.01, 135.29, 133.56, 132.41, 129.50, 129.37, 117.27,116.32, 98.77 64.80, 62.49, 58.62, 30.39, 29.01, 25.26, 19.34.

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-((5-chloro-3-(hydroxymethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one(5)

To a suspension of 4 (3.0 g, 7.0 mmol) in ethanol (25 mL) was addedNaBH₄ (0.37 g) in one portion. The resulting suspension was stirred atroom temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by adding water (10mL) followed by 6 N HCl solution in isopropanol (5 mL) slowly. Thesolution was warmed up to 40° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reactionmixture was mixed with MTBE (50 mL) and saturated aqueous NaCl (50 mL).The organic was separated and washed with water (50 mL). The solutionwas concentrated under vacuum at 50° C. and residue was triturated withhexane (30 mL). The resulting suspension was stirred at room temperaturefor 30 min. The precipitates were collected by filtration to give 5 (2.2g, 86%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d,J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (t, J=5.7 Hz,1H), 4.73 (dd, J=13.4, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dd, J=13.4, 5.7 Hz, 1H), 4.01(t, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (dd, J=15.4, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.17 (dd, J=15.4, 7.2Hz, 1H), 2.94 (t, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 1.79 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz):δ 118.72, 159.12, 153.82, 146.45, 145.83 135.72, 135.32, 130.63, 130.27,124.04, 117.33, 61.40, 58.70, 44.12, 34.01, 28.81.

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-((5-chloro-3-(chloromethyl)pyridin-2-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one(6)

To a solution of 5 (5.8 g, 16.8 mmol) in dichloromethane (30 mL) wasadded DMF (60 μL) and thionyl chloride (2.2 g) at 5° C. The mixture wasstirred for 30 min at this temperature followed by addition of 5%aqueous NaCl (30 mL). The organic layer was separated and washed with 5%aqueous NaCl (30 mL). The solvent was removed and the residue wasdissolved in heptane (20 mL). The solution was stirred for 10 min andthe product was precipitated. The suspension was cooled to 0° C. andfiltered to give 6 (5.8 g, 93%) as a solid: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ8.36 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.13 (dd, J=5.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=2.3 Hz,1H), 7.19 (om, 1H), 6.78 (dd, J=7.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.58 (m, 2H), 4.06 (m,1H), 3.66 (dd, J=16.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.32 (dd, J=16.3, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 1.75(s, 9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 178.06, 159.45, 154.58, 147.39,145.73, 136.87, 132.47, 130.42, 130.11, 123.77, 117.03, 58.51, 43.37,42.25, 33.69, 28.82.

(S)-1′-(tert-Butyl)-3-chloro-5,7-dihydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3′-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-2′(1′H)-one(7)

A solution of 6 (2.39 g, 6.56 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) was cooled to−2.5° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. Compound 10 (17 mg, 0.020 mmol) wascharged, and the resulting solution was aged for about 15 min whilecooled to −3.3° C. A pre-cooled (−1° C.) aqueous NaOH (26.2 mL, 0.3 N)was charged in over 4 min below −0.6° C. The reaction was aged at −1.3°C. for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with water (10 ml). The organiclayer was washed with water (10 mL), concentrated, flushed with IPA togive crude product 7 (2.59 g, 94.4% ee, 83% wt by NMR against1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene as an internal standard).

The crude product was recrystallized from IPA and water, filtered anddried in an oven at 50° C. to give 58 (1.95 g, 95.7% wt, 99% ee, 87%yield) as a solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.42 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d,J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (s, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (dd, J=7.3,5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (dd, J=24.9, 16.8 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (dd, J=28.6, 16.8 Hz,2H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 Hz): δ 179.43, 160.54, 157.82, 147.44, 146.54;135.80, 132.17, 130.62, 129.33, 128.36, 117.69, 58.83, 51.94, 44.35,41.57, 28.83.

(1S,2R,4S,5R)-1-(2-Bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-2-((S)-(1-(2-bromo-5-methoxybenzyl)-6-methoxyquinolin-1-ium-4-yl)(hydroxy)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidin-1-iumbromide (10)

A slurry of quinidine (11, 8.1 g, 23.7 mmol, containing ˜14%dihydroquinidine) and 2-bromo-5-methoxybenzylbromide (12, 16.59 g, 59.3Mmol) in IPA (4.0 ml) and DMF (28.4 mL) was degassed by vacuum andflushed with N₂, then heated to 70° C. for 7 h. The reaction mixture wascooled to 22° C., this reaction solution was charged to AcOEt (320 ml)at 22° C. over 10 min while stirring. The resulting slurry was aged at22° C. for 1 to 2 h, filtered, rinsed with AcOEt (2×24 ml), then hexane(2×24 ml). The solid was dried under vacuum to give powder as a mixtureof bis-salts (bis-quinidine salt 10 and bis-dihydroquinidine salt).(Total 19.7 g, 94% yield). The authentic sample of 10 was purified bySFC (IC column, 20×250 mm, 60% MeOH/CO₂, 50 mL/min, 100 bar, 35° C., 220nm, sample concentration: 133 mg/mL in MeOH; desired peak: 3 to 4.5min). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 9.34 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=6.1Hz, 1H), 8.38 (d, J=9.7 Hz, 1H), 8.0 (dd, J=9.7, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.86 (s,1H), 7.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=2.5 Hz,1H), 7.42 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.17 (dd, J=8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd,J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.50 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.06 (m, 1H),5.24 (m, 3H), 4.95 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (m, 1H), 4.23 (m, 4H), 4.12(m, 1H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.54 (m, 1H), 3.32 (s, 2H), 3.23(m, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.51 (s, 2H), 2.33 (m, 1H), 1.94 (br, 1H), 1.83(br, 2H), 1.17 (br, 1H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 100 Hz): δ 159.45, 159.07,158.67, 156.12, 146.01, 137.08, 134.68, 134.30, 133.21, 132.98, 128.18,128.03, 127.45, 122.13, 121.89, 121.22, 118.08, 117.5, 117.07, 116.73,116.20, 115.81, 112.67, 105.09, 66.81, 65.51, 62.43, 56.75, 56.06,55.91, 55.52, 54.80, 36.84, 25.91, 23.10, 20.75.

(S)-1′-(tert-Butyl)-2′-oxo-1′,2′,5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3′-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxylicacid (8)

A mixture of 7 (5.0 g, 14.5 mmol), K₂CO₃ (5.01 g, 36.2 mmol), Pd(OAc)₂(33 mg, 0.145 mmol), 1,3-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane (DCPP, 127,mg, 0.290 mmol) and water (0.522 mL, 29.0 mmol) in NMP (32 mL) washeated at 120° C. under 30 psi of CO for 24 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, the resulted slurry was diluted with water (100 mL). The pHwas slowly adjusted to 3˜4 with 2 N HCl. The slurry was aged at roomtemperature for 1 h, filtered, rinsed with water (40 to 50 mL), driedunder oven at 60° C. to give 8 (4.64 g, 95%) as a solid. ¹H NMR(DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d,J=7.3 Hz, 1H,), 6.99 (dd, J=7.3, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.33 (m, 4H), 1.72 (s,9H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 180.16, 167.44, 166.97, 158.07,149.76, 146.61, 135.39, 133.09, 130.36, 128.81, 125.48, 118.44, 58.19,51.12, 44.56, 41.24, 28.91.

(S)-2′-Oxo-1′,2′,5,7-tetrahydrospiro[cyclopenta[b]pyridine-6,3′-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine]-3-carboxylicacid (9)

To 8 (4 g, 97% wt) was charged 37% HCl (40 to 44 mL). The slurry washeated at 94° C. for up to 48 h, cooled down to room temperature. Thesolvent was partially removed by reducing pressure to about total 2 vol(˜4 mL water remained). The residue was diluted with water (20 mL)followed by adjusting pH to 2.6 with NaOH (3.5 N, 4.5 mL). The thickslurry was aged for 1 to 2 h, filtered, rinsed with water (2×8 mL),followed by water/acetone (1:1, 8 mL). The wet cake was dried to givecompound 9 (3.1 g, 98% wt, 94%) as crystals. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz):δ 13.31 (br, 1H), 11.14 (s, 1H), 8.91 (s, 1H), 8.11 (m, 2H), 7.49 (dd,J=7.3, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (dd, J=7.3, 5, 3 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (m, 4H); ¹³C NMR(DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 181.06, 167.36, 166.95, 156.80, 149.79, 147.32,135.37, 133.19, 130.73, 128.88, 125.50, 118.46, 51.78, 44.12, 40.70.

1-(tert-Butyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one (3)

A mixture of compound 3a (10.0 g, 40.3 mmol), NaCl (2.9 g, 1.25 eq.) andwater (2 mL) in DMSO (50 mL) was heated at 120° C. for 30 min. Themixture was cooled to 30° C. followed by addition of MTBE (200 mL) andwater (50 mL). The organic layer was separated and the aqueous layerextracted with another MTBE (50 mL). Combined organic layer was washedthree times with water (50 mL). Solvent removed under vacuum and theresulting solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 30° C. to give 3 (7.0 g,92%) as solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.15 (dd, J=5.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H),7.40 (dd, J=7.2, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J=7.2, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.45 (s,2H), 1.78 (s, 9H). ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 100 MHz): δ 174.99, 160.06, 145.82,130.80, 119.51, 117.15, 58.53, 35.98, 28.80;

Example 2

2-(((Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzaldehyde(14)

To a solution of compound 13 (5.0 g, 15.7 mmol) in 2-MeTHF (12 mL) wasadded 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (2 mL, 20.4 mmol) and concentrated sulfuricacid (0.06 mL) at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 10 minand was then cooled to −3° C. Isopropylmagnesium chloride lithiumchloride solution (21 mL, 1.3 M, 26.7 mmol) was slowly added at −3 to 3°C. The resulting solution was stirred at −3° C. for 3 h until a HPLCshowed the conversion was greater than 97%. DMF (4 ml) was added over 15min below 5° C. The resulting solution was stirred for another one hourat this temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched by addition ofMTBE (40 mL), 15% aqueous citric acid (20 mL) and water (12 mL). Theorganic layer was separated and washed twice with 5% aqueous NaCl (40mL). The solution was concentrated under vacuum at 50° C. to give 4.65 gof 14 as oil (97% wt, 98% yield). The crude product was used directlyfor the next step without further purification.

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-(2-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one(15)

To a round bottom flask was charged 14 (4.50 g, 15.6 mmol), 3 (2.50 g.17.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and IPA (25 ml). This slurry was aged untildissolved. It was cooled under an ice bath followed by charging DBU(0.12 mL, 0.8 mmol) then was aged for half hour below 5° C. and 2 h atroom temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed by vacuum andflushed with N₂ followed by charge NaBH₄ (0.80 g, 21.8 mmol). Thereaction was aged for 2 h. After completion of the reduction, 6 N HCl(10 mL) and water (16 mL) was added in and the mixture was heated to 70°C. for 1 to 2 h until the deprotection of THP was complete. Theresulting reaction mixture was concentrated followed by chargedichloromethane (60 mL) and water (27 mL). The pH of the reactionmixture was adjusted to ˜10 with aqueous NaOH, and the organic layer wasseparated. The aqueous layer was then extracted with dichloromethane (50mL) twice. The combined organic layer was concentrated under vacuum, andpurified with silica gel column (0 to 30% of AcOEt/hexane) to give thedesired product 15 as a solid (4.07 g, 78%).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.21 (dd, J=5.2, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.59 (d, J=8.1Hz, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (om, 2H), 6.90 (dd, J=7.3,5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (ABq, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.45 (dd, J=14.2,4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.22 (dd, J=14.2, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (br, 1H), 1.67 (s, 9H);¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 176.6, 159.1, 146.3, 140.1, 137.4, 131.13,131.10, 130.7 (q, J=33.8 Hz), 127.3, 124.3, 123.5 (q, J=272 Hz), 122.5,117.1, 58.7, 45.7, 43.0, 33.0, 28.7.

1-(tert-Butyl)-3-(2-(chloromethyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2(3H)-one(16)

To a solution of 15 (3.5 g, 10.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (20 mL) wascharged DMF (0.04 mL, 0.5 mmol). This solution was cooled under an icebath. Thionyl chloride (0.85 mL, 11.5 mmol) was then added under 5° C.,and the resulting reaction was aged for 3 h at this temperature. Oncethe reaction was complete, 5% aqueous NaCl (16.5 mL) was added. Theorganic layer was separated and washed with 5% aqueous NaCl (16.5 mL).The solvent was removed via rotovap, and the crude was purified bysilica gel column chromatography (0 to 10% AcOEt/hexane) to give thedesired compound 16 as an oil (3.05 g, 74%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ8.20 (dd, J=5.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=8.1,1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J=6.3, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (dd,J=7.3, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.77 (ABq, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (m, 1H), 3.46 (dd,J=14.2, 4.4, 1H), 3.18 (dd, J=14.2, 8.7 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (s, 9H); ¹³C NMR(CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 177.6, 159.1, 146.5, 143.3, 136.6, 131.0, 129.7 (m,2C), 124.0, 123.0, 123.9 (q, J=271 Hz), 117.4, 126.6, 62.4, 58.8, 46.1,32.9, 28.6.

1′-(tert-Butyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dihydrospiro[indene-2,3′-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin]-2′(1′H)-one(17)

A solution of 16 (50 mg, 0.126 mmol) in toluene (2 ml) was cooled to −1°C., degassed with vacuum and flushed N₂. To this solution was charged aprecooled (−2 to 0° C.) aqueous NaOH (1N, 1 mL) followed by charged acatalyst 18. The resulted reaction was aged at −1 to 1° C. for severalhours until complete conversion. The organic layer was purified withsilica gel column chromatography (0 to 10% AcOEt/hexane) to give thedesired compound 17 as oil (42 mg, 92% IY, 85% ee, R or S undetermined).

¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz): δ 8.17 (dd, J=5.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (m, 2H),7.37 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J=7.3, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J=7.3,5.2 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (d, J=15.9 Hz, 2H), 3.09 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (s,9H); ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, 125 MHz): δ 179.6, 157.6, 146.3, 145.3, 141.9,129.8, 129.6 (q, J=32 Hz), 127.6, 124.8, 124.5 (q, J=271 Hz), 121.4,117.6, 58.7, 53.8, 43.8, 43.7, 28.9.

(1S,2S,4S,5R)-1-(2-Cyanobenzyl)-2-((R)-hydroxy(quinolin-4-yl)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidin-1-iumbromide (19) and(1S,2S,4S,5R)-1-(2-cyanobenzyl)-2-((R)-hydroxy(l-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)quinolin-1-ium-4-yl)methyl)-5-vinylquinuclidin-1-iumbromide (18)

Preparation of 19

A slurry cinchonidine (5.0 g, 16.98 mmol) and 2-cyano-benzyl bromide(4.0 g, 20.38 mmol) in 50 ml of IPA was degassed by vacuum and flushedwith N₂, then it was heated to 67° C. until completely conversion (4 to5 h). It was cooled down and 40 mL of solvent was removed by reducingpressure. This concentrated solution was added into AcOEt (160 ml) over5 to 10 min while stirring. The resulting slurry was aged for 1 to 2 hat 22° C., filtered, rinsed with IPA/hexane (1:1; 50 ml) and dried undervacuum to give 19 as a solid (7.43 g, 89% IY). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500MHz): δ 9.00 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 8.39 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 8.17 (d, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 8.12 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.97 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (m, 3H),7.76 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 5.72 (m,1H), 5.33 (q, J=13.1 Hz, 2H), 5.21 (d, J=17.3 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (d, J=10.6Hz, 1H), 4.47 (br, 1H), 4.07 (t, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (dt, J=12.0, 3.6Hz, 1H), 3.44 (t, J=12.0 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (dt, J=11.5, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 2.68(br, 1H), 2.13 (m, 2H), 2.02 (s, 1H), 1.81 (m, 1H), 1.22 (m, 1H); ¹³CNMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 150.1, 147.6, 145.0, 138.0, 135.7, 134.3,133.6, 131.1, 130.8, 129.8, 129.4, 127.1, 124.2, 123.6, 120.0, 117.8,116.4, 115.7, 67.7, 64.7, 60.4, 59.3, 51.2, 37.0, 25.5, 24.3, 21.1.

Preparation of 18

A slurry of 19 (0.15 g, 0.306 mmol) and 2-nitrobenzyl bromide (0.104 g,0.61 mmol) in IPA (0.075 mL) and DMF (0.53 mL) was degassed by vacuumand flushed with N₂, then it was heated to 70° C. until completelyconversion (4 to 5 h). It was cooled down and was added into AcOEt (6ml) over 5 to 10 min. The resulting slurry was aged for 1 to 2 h at 22°C., filtered, rinsed AcOEt (2×5 ml) and dried under vacuum to give 18 asa solid (0.19 g, 94% IY). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 9.82 (d, J=6.3Hz, 1H), 8.81 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (m, 1H), 8.30 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H),8.13 (m, 3H), 8.0 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82 (m, 3H), 7.63 (d, J=8.1 Hz,2H), 7.45 (d, J=3.5 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 6.50 (m, 2H), 6.5 (m, 2H),5.70 (m, 1H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 5.21 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J=10.5 Hz,1H), 4.49 (m, 1H), 4.15 (m, 1H) 3.90 (m, 1H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.38 (m,1H), 2.70 (br, 1H), 2.10 (m, 3H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.48 (m, 1H); ¹³C NMR(DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz): δ 158.4, 149.8, 138.3, 138.0, 137.2, 135.8, 135.6,134.3, 133.7, 131.2, 130.6, 130.5, 129.2 (q, J=32.0 Hz), 128.3 (2C),126.7, 126.2, 125.99, 125.96, 123.9 (q, J=272.5 Hz), 122.8, 121.6,119.8, 117.8, 116.7, 115.7, 67.3, 65.4, 60.4, 59.7, 59.4, 51.3, 37.0,30.9, 25.5, 24.9, 22.0.

Results

As shown in Table 1, the bis-quaternary catalyst is much more active andefficient as compared to the mono-quaternary catalyst for thespirocyclization reaction shown. For this experiment, the bis-catalystscontained ˜12 to 15% of the double saturated compounds hydroquinidine orhydrocinchonine.

TABLE 1

PTC catalyst: Loading EE conversion Yield

  3%   58%  80% ND

0.3%   92% 100% 98% AY

0.3% 94.4% 100% 100%

Tables 2 and 3 show a SAR study of bis-quaternary PTC catalysts forspirocyclization. Both bis-quaternary quinidine and cinchonine catalystsare very efficient (Entries 2 to 5). The Bis-Quinidine catalyst isrelatively better than bis-cinchonine catalyst (Entry 2 and 3).2-Bromo-5-Methoxy-benzyl group is the optimized group for this reaction.

TABLE 2

Entry R1 R2 R3 X Y % ee 1 No-substitution H H Br Br   58% ee 2

OMe H Br Br 94.4% ee 3

H H Br Br   90% ee 4

H H I I 89.7% ee 5

H H Br I 89.4% ee 6

H H Br Br 84.8% ee 7 Me H H Br I   80% ee 8 No-substitution H

Br Br   67% ee 9

H

Br Br   27% ee

TABLE 3

R4 EE Conversion Benzyl 66.3% ee  93% Allyl 69.7% ee 100%2-Br-5-MeO-benzyl   92% ee 100%Table 4 shows a study of different functional groups.

TABLE 4

Entry X¹ Y¹ % ee 1 Cl Cl 92 2 Br Cl 92 3 CO₂Me Cl 92 4 Br Tos 51 5 Br Br70Table 5 shows a study of different ring systems; Doubly quaternized PTCis a more active catalyst than mono quaternized PTC.

TABLE 5

1. A process using a phase transfer catalyst comprising a bis-quaternarycinchona alkaloid salt having the chemical structure of Formula I:

wherein: R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl, R² is selected fromhydrogen and methoxy, R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl, whereinC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryland the aryl and heteroaryl portions of —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and—C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to fivesubstituents independently selected from R⁶, R⁵ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C(O)R, C(O)OR, CONRR′, and C₁₋₆-alkyl, R⁶is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, aryl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, CO₂R, CONRR′, SR, SO₂R, SO₃R, PR₂, PO(OR)₂,PO(OR)(NRR′), PO(NRR′)₂, P(OR)₂, P(OR)(NRR′), P(NRR′)₂, SiRR′R″, B(OR)₂,C(O)R, NRR′, NO₂, and halogen, each R, R′ and R″ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of, H, C₁₋₆alkyl, hydroxyl,C₁₋₆alkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, —CH₂-aryl, —CH₂-heteroaryl, and each X andY are independently anions selected from halide, OH, HSO₄, SO₄, BF₄,SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate, NO₃, sulfonate,hexafluorophosphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate,wherein said phase transfer catalyst is used to provide thestereoselective formation of a carbon-carbon, carbon-heteroatom orcarbon-halide bond on a substrate in a biphasic medium comprising anaqueous phase and organic phase or a micelle medium.
 2. The process ofclaim 1 wherein said bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt is used as aphase transfer catalyst in one of the following asymmetric reactions:(1) alkylation with an electrophilic alkylating agent, (2) Michaeladdition with an electron deficient olefin, (3) aldol reaction with analdehyde, (4) Mannich reaction with a α-imino ester, (5) Darzensreaction with an aldehyde, (6) Neber rearrangement of an oxime into anα-aminoketone, (7) epoxidation of an electron deficient olefin, (8)aziridination of an electron deficient olefin, (9) dihydroxylation of anelectron deficient olefins, (10) fluorination of a carbonyl substrate,and (11) sulfenylation of a β-keto sulfoxide.
 3. A process forstereoselectively producing a compound of Formula A:

wherein: Q forms a fused 5- or 6-membered aromatic carbocyclic orheterocyclic ring, each optionally substituted with 1 to 4 R^(C) groups,each R^(A) and each R^(B) are independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy,amino or an organic substituent group, and one R^(A) and one R^(B) maybe joined together to form a mono-, bi- or tricyclic carbocyclic orheterocyclic ring system, optionally substituted with 1 to 4 R^(C)groups, R^(C) is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organicsubstituent group, PG is a nitrogen protecting group and (*) representsan asymmetric center, the process comprising initiating a reaction of acompound of Formula B

with a compound of Formula C

wherein W is a functional group that has leaving ability, in awater-immiscible organic phase in the presence of a bis-quaternarycinchona alkaloid salt and a base in an aqueous phase to form a biphasicmedium comprising the aqueous phase and water-immiscible organic phase,wherein the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt has the chemicalstructure of Formula I

wherein: R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl, R² is selected fromhydrogen and methoxy, R³ and R⁴ are independently selected from thegroup consisting of C₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl,aryl, heteroaryl, —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and —C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl, whereinC₁₋₆alkyl, C₂₋₆alkenyl, C₂₋₆alkynyl, C₃₋₆cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryland the aryl and heteroaryl portions of —C₁₋₄alkyl-aryl and—C₁₋₄alkyl-heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to fivesubstituents independently selected from R⁶, R⁵ is selected from thegroup consisting of hydrogen, C(O)R, C(O)OR, CONRR′, and C₁₋₆alkyl, R⁶is selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄haloalkyl, aryl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, CO₂R, CONRR′, SR, SO₂R, SO₃R, PR₂, PO(OR)₂,PO(OR)(NRR′), PO(NRR′)₂, P(OR)₂, P(OR)(NRR′), P(NRR′)₂, SiRR′R″, B(OR)₂,C(O)R, NRR′, NO₂, and halogen, each R, R′ and R″ is independentlyselected from the group consisting of, H, C₁₋₄alkyl, hydroxy andC₁₋₄alkoxy, and each X and Y are independently anions selected fromhalide, OH, HSO₄, SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate,hydrogencarbonate, NO₃, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate,hydrogen phosphate, and perchlorate,
 4. The process according to claim 3wherein: each of R^(A) and R^(B) are independently for each occurrence:(i) hydrogen, (ii) halogen, (iii) OR⁷, (iv) N(R⁷)₂, (v) CN, (vi)C₁₋₈alkyl or C₂₋₈alkenyl, either of which optionally bears up to 3substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, OR⁷, SR8,SO₂R8, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;and (vii) C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylC₁₋₄alkyl, Het, HetC₁₋₄alkyl,ARY or ARY-C₁₋₄alkyl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;where “ARY” refers to phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, either ofwhich phenyl or heteroaryl is optionally fused to a 5- or 6-memberedcarbocycle or heterocycle, and “Het” refers to a nonaromatic mono- orbicyclic heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms; or one of R^(A) andR^(B) together may complete a mono- or bicyclic carbocyclic orheterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms which optionally bears up to3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃,R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸, SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸and NR⁷SO₂R⁸; R⁷ is independently for each occurrence H or C₁₋₆alkylwhich is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms or with OH,CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino or di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁷is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, any of whichoptionally bears up to 3 substituents independently selected fromhalogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino anddi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; or two R⁷ groups attached to the same nitrogen atommay complete a heterocycle of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bearsup to 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN,CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino anddi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; and R⁸ is independently for each occurrenceC₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms orwith OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁸ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; or two R⁸ groupsattached to the same nitrogen atom may complete a heterocycle of up to 6ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino,C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino.
 5. A process according to claim 3wherein: R^(C) is independently for each occurrence: (i) hydrogen, (ii)halogen, (iii) OR⁷, (iv) N(R⁷)₂, (v) CN, (vi) C₁₋₈alkyl or C₂₋₈alkenyl,either of which optionally bears up to 3 substituents independentlyselected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, OR⁷, SR⁸, SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷,CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸; and (vii)C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkylC₁₋₄alkyl, Het, HetC₁₋₄alkyl, ARY orARY-C₁₋₄alkyl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, R⁸, OR⁷, SR⁸,SO₂R⁸, SO₂N(R⁷)₂, COR⁷, CO₂R⁷, CON(R⁷)₂, N(R⁷)₂, NR⁷COR⁸ and NR⁷SO₂R⁸;where “ARY” refers to phenyl or 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, either ofwhich phenyl or heteroaryl is optionally fused to a 5- or 6-memberedcarbocycle or heterocycle, and “Het” refers to a nonaromatic mono- orbicyclic heterocyclic system of up to 10 ring atoms; R⁷ is H orC₁₋₆-alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms orwith OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁷ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; or two of R⁷ which arebonded to the same nitrogen atom taken together comprise a heterocyclemoiety of up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; and R⁸ isC₁₋₆alkyl which is optionally substituted with up to 3 halogen atoms orwith OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino ordi(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, or R⁸ is phenyl, benzyl or 5- or 6-memberedheteroaryl, any of which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl, C₁₋₄alkoxy,amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino; or two of R⁸ which arebonded to the same nitrogen atom taken together comprise a heterocycleof up to 6 ring atoms which optionally bears up to 3 substituentsindependently selected from halogen, OH, oxo, CN, CF₃, C₁₋₄alkyl,C₁₋₄alkoxy, amino, C₁₋₄alkylamino and di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino.
 6. The processaccording to claim 3 wherein PG is selected from the group consistingof: C₁₋₆ alkyl, vinyl, C(O)—O-L, C(O)-L, aryl, heteroaryl, benzyl,benzhydryl, trityl and C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl, wherein aryl, heteroaryl,benzyl, benzyhydryl and trityl optionally are substituted with 1 to 3substituents independently selected from methoxy and nitro,C₁₋₆alkoxymethyl is optionally substituted with trimethylsilyl and L isC₁₋₆alkyl, aryl or benzyl.
 7. The process according to claim 3 wherein Wis selected from the group consisting of: halogen and sulfonate.
 8. Theprocess according to claim 3 wherein the water-immiscible organic phaseis selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, xylenes,chlorobenzene, ethyl ether, isopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dioxane, methyl tert-butyl ether, cyclopentyl methylether, isopropyl acetate, ethyl acetate, hexanes, heptanes, cyclohexane,dichloromethane and dichloroethane.
 9. The process according to claim 3wherein the base is selected from the group consisting of: sodiumhydroxide, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate,lithium carbonate, potassium carbonate, cesium hydroxide, cesiumcarbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, cesium hydrogen carbonate,potassium hydrogen carbonate, lithium hydrogen carbonate, lithiumfluoride, sodium fluoride, potassium fluoride, cesium fluoride, lithiumtert-butoxide, sodium tert-butoxide, potassium tert-butoxide, cesiumtert-butoxide, sodium phosphate, lithium phosphate and potassiumphosphate.
 10. The process according to claim 3 wherein thewater-immiscible organic phase is toluene and the base is sodiumhydroxide.
 11. The process of claim 1 wherein said reaction is: (1) theasymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at position b of asubstrate having the following formula

wherein: G is N or CH, R^(i), R^(ii) and R^(iii) are independently H,halogen or an organic substituent group R^(iv) is selected from —OR^(v),SR^(vi) and NR^(vii)R^(viii), wherein R^(v) and R^(vi) are independentlyH or an organic substituent group, R^(vii) and R^(viii) areindependently H or an organic substituent group or R^(vii) and R^(viii)may be joined together with the nitrogen to which they are attached toform a 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring, and when G is N, R^(ii) andR^(iii) may be joined together with the atoms to which they are attachedto form a 5- or 6-membered mono- or 9- or 10-membered bi-cyclic ringcontaining one or more heteroatoms in addition to the nitrogen, saidring optionally substituted with 1 to 5 substituents independentlyselected from: halogen, hydroxy, amino or an organic substituent group;(2) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at position b of asubstrate having the following formula

 wherein n is 0 or 1, ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ringoptionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or anorganic substituent group and R^(ix) is H or an organic substituentgroup, (3) the asymmetric formation of a carbon-carbon bond at positionb of a substrate having the following formula

 wherein n is 0 or 1, ring T is optional and forms a fused 5- or6-membered aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring, each ringoptionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, amino or anorganic substituent group and R^(x) is selected from —OR^(xi), SR^(xii)and NR^(xiii)R^(xiv), wherein R^(xi) and R^(xii) are independently H oran organic substituent group and R^(xiii) and R^(xiv) are independentlyH or an organic substituent group or R^(xiii) and R^(xiv) may be joinedtogether with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 5- or6-membered heterocyclic ring; (4) the asymmetric formation of acarbon-carbon bond position b of a substrate having the followingformula

 wherein each EWG is independently an electron withdrawing group; saidprocess comprising reacting the substrate with electrophilic alkylatingagent, an electron deficient olefin or an aldehyde in the presence of abis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula I in claim 1 and a basein a biphasic medium comprising an aqueous phase and organic phase toform the carbon-carbon bond.
 12. A bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salthaving the chemical structure of Formula II:

wherein: R¹ is selected from ethyl and vinyl, R² is selected fromhydrogen and methoxy, Ar¹ is aryl or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl andheteroaryl groups are optionally substituted with one to fivesubstituents independently selected from R³, Ar² is aryl or heteroaryl,wherein said aryl and heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted withone to five substituents independently selected from R³, each R³ isindependently selected from the group consisting of C₁₋₄ alkyl,C₁₋₄haloalkyl, aryl, C₁₋₄alkoxy, hydroxy, CN, C₁₋₄acyl, N(R⁴)₂, NO₂,halogen, O-Phenyl and (C═O)OC₁₋₄alkyl, each R⁴ is independently H orC₁₋₄alkyl, and each X and Y are independently anions selected fromhalide, OH, HSO₄, SO₄, BF₄, SbF₆, carboxylate, carbonate,hydrogencarbonate, NO₃, sulfonate, hexafluorophosphate, phosphate,hydrogen phosphate and perchlorate.
 13. (Currently) The bis-quaternarycinchona alkaloid salt of claim 12 wherein Ar¹ is phenyl optionallysubstituted with one to five substituents independently selected fromR³, and Ar² is phenyl optionally substituted with one to fivesubstituents independently selected from R³.
 14. The bis-quaternarycinchona alkaloid salt of claim 13 having the chemical structure ofFormula IIa


15. The bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of claim 14 wherein R¹ isvinyl and R² is methoxy.
 16. The bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid saltof claim 15 wherein R3 is selected from halogen and methoxy.
 17. Abis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of claim 1 wherein the compound ofFormula I has the structure:

wherein: R² is R³ is R⁴ is X⁻ is Y⁻ is OMe

Br Br; H

Br Br; H

I I; H

Br I; H

Br Br; H Me

Br I; H

Br Br; or or H

Allyl Br Br;

or the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula I has thestructure:

wherein: R is vinyl or ethyl; and R3 is:

or the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula I has thestructure:

wherein: R is vinyl or ethyl; and R3 is:

or the bis-quaternary cinchona alkaloid salt of Formula I has thestructure:

wherein: R is vinyl or ethyl; and R3 and R4 are independently: